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The 72 Shem HaMephorash angels, rooted in Jewish mysticism, are divine beings each associated with a specific degree of the zodiac. These angels are derived from the 72-letter name of God, found in the Book of Exodus, and are believed to possess unique qualities and powers. They offer guidance, protection, and wisdom, influencing various aspects of life.
Each angel governs a 5-degree segment of the zodiac, connecting celestial movements with human experiences. Their presence is invoked in various spiritual practices for support, insight, and the manifestation of desires. The Shem angels form a bridge between the divine and the earthly realms. Let’s take a closer look at these divine beings and their influences.
Vehuiah
Vehuiah symbolizes divine will and transformation. Associated with new beginnings, Vehuiah aids in overcoming obstacles and initiating projects. Known for bestowing leadership and innovative thinking, this angel is invoked for clarity and profound change.
Vehuiah’s name means “God Exalting and Uplifting,” reflecting spiritual and intellectual elevation. Ruling from 0 to 4 degrees Aries, those born in this period benefit from Vehuiah’s guidance.
Ielial
Ielial, known as the “God Listening in Secret,” governs from 20 to 24 degrees Capricorn. This angel enhances mental clarity and emotional balance. Individuals under Ielial influence often experience profound inner peace and navigate emotional challenges with grace. Ielial guidance helps maintain a harmonious mind and clear thinking, even in turbulent times, fostering a deep sense of calm and resilience.
Sitael
Sitael represents construction and protection. This angel aids in overcoming challenges and establishing strong, truthful foundations in life.
Invoked for resilience and safeguarding, Sitael’s name translates to “God, Hope of All Creatures.” Governing from 10 to 14 degrees Aries, individuals born under this influence are thought to receive Sitael’s fortitude and integrity, helping them navigate adversities and build lasting structures in their lives.
Elemiah
Elemiah symbolizes divine power and protection. Known for guiding individuals through difficult transitions, Elemiah helps reveal hidden talents and encourages new beginnings. He is invoked for courage and inner strength, and his name means “Hidden God.” Ruling from 15 to 19 degrees Aries, Elemiah bestows resilience and clarity, making it easier to navigate life’s challenges and uncover one’s true potential.
Mahasiah
Mahasiah is the harbinger of rectification and harmony. Known for helping to correct past mistakes, Mahasiah promotes learning and personal growth.
This angel encourages the pursuit of higher education and spiritual enlightenment. He is invoked for healing and balance, and his name translates to “God the Savior.” Those born under Mahasiah’s influence, between 20 and 24 degrees Aries, are often blessed with the ability to turn challenges into opportunities for success.
Iehahel
Iehahel known as the “Supreme God,” governs from 10 to 14 degrees Aquarius. This angel aids in the pursuit of wisdom and spiritual enlightenment, drawing individuals to philosophical and esoteric studies.
Guided by Iehahel, individuals seek a deeper understanding of life and the universe, finding profound insights and enlightenment. This angel’s influence encourages introspection, intellectual growth, and a connection to higher spiritual realms.
Achaiah
Achaiah embodies patience and revelation. Known as “God Who Gives Joy,” Achaiah helps individuals uncover hidden truths and master the art of perseverance.
Those born under Achaiah’s influence, between 0 and 4 degrees Taurus, are blessed with the ability to see the bigger picture and tackle challenges with a calm, insightful approach. Achaiah inspires a deep understanding of life’s mysteries and the strength to achieve long-term goals.
Cahetel
Cahetel brings blessings of abundance and gratitude. Also called the “Adored God,” Cahetel governs from 5 to 9 degrees Taurus. This angel aids in manifesting prosperity and encourages a thankful heart.
Farmers and those working with the earth often seek Cahetel’s favor for bountiful harvests. With Cahetel’s guidance, one can transform hard work into fruitful rewards and appreciate the richness of life.
Haziel
Haziel symbolizes divine mercy and forgiveness. Known as the “God of Mercy,” Haziel offers protection and helps mend broken relationships.
Born under Haziel’s influence (10 to 14 degrees Taurus), individuals are compassionate and diplomatic, often seeking harmony. This angel encourages the release of grudges and the embrace of compassion, fostering peace and reconciliation in all aspects of life. Haziel’s presence brings a sense of hope and renewal.
Aladiah
Known as the “God the Propitious One,” Aladiah embodies divine grace and healing, aiding in recovery from illness and the restoration of lost fortunes.
Aladiah influences those born between 15 and 19 degrees Taurus, fostering resilience and renewal. People under Aladiah’s protection often experience profound physical and spiritual rejuvenation, discovering new opportunities and hope where there once were challenges.
Laviah
Lauviah symbolizes victory and wisdom. Known as the “Wonderful God,” Lauviah brings tranquility and deep sleep, promoting inner peace and spiritual insight.
Governing from 20 to 24 degrees Taurus, this angel helps individuals overcome adversities and achieve success. Those under Lauviah’s influence often find clarity in their dreams and gain the wisdom needed to navigate life’s challenges, emerging victorious and enlightened.
Hahaiah
As the “Refuge God,” Hahaiah offers protection and inner peace. Governing from 25 to 29 degrees Taurus, Hahaiah provides a sanctuary from life’s storms, helping individuals find solace and clarity amid chaos.
Under Hahaiah’s influence, people often develop strong intuitive abilities and a profound sense of calm, enabling them to navigate challenges with grace and wisdom, finding peace even in adversity.
Iezalel
Celebrated as the “God Who Rejoices,” overseeing from 0 to 4 degrees Gemini. Iezalel promotes loyalty and reconciliation, bringing harmony to relationships. Under Iezalel’s influence, individuals excel in communication and unity, often becoming peacemakers and strengthening bonds between people.
Mebahel
Known as the “Preserving God,” ruling from 5 to 9 degrees Gemini. Mebahel stands as a protector of truth and justice, inspiring individuals to uphold integrity and fight for fairness. Guided by Mebahel, people seek truth and defend the oppressed with fervor.
Hariel
Hariel, governs from 10 to 14 degrees Gemini and is known as the “Comforting God.” Hariel promotes purity and moral strength, aiding individuals in overcoming addictions and negative influences. Those under Hariel’s guidance align with their higher selves and lead virtuous lives.
Hakamiah
Hakamiah governs from 15 to 19 degrees Gemini and is revered as the “God Who Establishes the Universe.” Hakamiah instills loyalty and bravery, supporting leaders and warriors. Those influenced by Hakamiah are natural protectors and champions of just causes, guided by courage and determination.
Leuviah
Loviah, known as the “Marvelous God,” governs from 10 to 14 degrees Cancer. This angel is associated with revelations and enlightenment, providing clarity and spiritual insight. Loviah aids in uncovering hidden truths and understanding complex situations.
Those under Loviah’s influence often experience profound personal growth and a deeper connection to their inner wisdom. This angel’s guidance fosters a sense of purpose and direction, helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with confidence and grace.
Caliel
Known as the “God Who Promptly Grants,” Caliel is the 18th Shem HaMephorash angel, governing from 25 to 29 degrees Gemini. Caliel’s presence is pivotal in revealing the truth and dispelling falsehoods. Those under Caliel’s influence often excel in legal and moral matters, swiftly finding clarity and justice in challenging situations. This angel helps navigate through lies and deception, ensuring that righteousness prevails.
Leuviah
Leuviah, known as the “God Who Forgives Sinners,” governs from 0 to 4 degrees Cancer. This angel enhances memory and intelligence, aiding individuals in overcoming adversity and depression. Under Leuviah’s influence, people develop resilience and the capacity to learn from life’s experiences.
Those guided by this angel often find themselves capable of enduring hardships with grace, transforming challenges into opportunities for personal growth and enlightenment, fostering inner strength and wisdom.
Pahaliah
Pahaliah governs from 5 to 9 degrees Cancer and is known as the “Redeemer God.” As the patron of spiritual awakening and moral integrity, Pahaliah inspires profound spiritual insights and drives individuals to live ethically and honorably.
Under Pahaliah’s influence, people often experience a deep connection with their higher selves, striving for purity and righteousness. This angel’s guidance fosters a life of virtue and spiritual enlightenment, making it easier to align with one’s true purpose.
Nelchael
Nelchael rules from 10 to 14 degrees Cancer. Bearing the title “God is One and Unique,” He excels in the arts and sciences, aiding individuals in overcoming obstacles in learning and education. Under Nelchael’s influence, people often find success in academic and intellectual pursuits, gaining clarity and inspiration.
This angel’s presence enhances one’s ability to absorb knowledge and achieve mastery in various fields, making it a guiding force for scholars and artists alike.
Ieiael
Ieiael, the 22nd Shem HaMephorash angel, governs from 15 to 19 degrees Cancer. Known as the “God Who Delights Everyone,” Ieiael brings fortune and protection during travels.
This angel ensures that journeys—both physical and metaphorical—are fruitful and secure, aiding in achieving prosperity and safety. Under Ieiael’s guidance, individuals often find themselves blessed with opportunities and safeguarded from harm.
Melahel
Melahel, the “God Deflecting Evil,” offers healing and protection. Overseeing from 20 to 24 degrees Cancer, Melahel guides in herbal medicine and natural remedies, enhancing health and well-being. Those influenced by Melahel often have a deep connection to nature and a remarkable ability to heal others using natural methods.
Haheuiah
Known as the “God Good in Himself,” Haheuiah provides protection from accidents and harmful influences, especially for travelers. Governing from 25 to 29 degrees Cancer, this angel offers comfort in distressing times. Individuals under Haheuiah’s protection frequently experience a strong sense of security and divine guidance, even in dangerous situations.
Nith-Haiah
Nith-Haiah, the “God of Wisdom,” brings esoteric knowledge and mystical insights to those under his influence, particularly from 0 to 4 degrees Leo. This angel aids in the study of the occult and the understanding of hidden truths. People guided by Nith-Haiah often develop profound spiritual awareness and a keen interest in metaphysical and occult studies.
Haaiah
Known as the “God of the Hidden Elements,” Haaiah excels in uncovering secrets and finding solutions to complex problems. Ruling from 5 to 9 degrees Leo, Haaiah fosters diplomacy and strategic thinking. Those under this angel’s influence often shine in negotiations and have a talent for resolving conflicts effectively and discreetly.
Jerathel
The “God Who Punishes the Wicked,” Jerathel, shines a light from 10 to 14 degrees Leo. This angel stands as a beacon of truth and freedom, guiding individuals to triumph over adversaries and eliminate negativity.
Influenced by Jerathel, people often find liberation from oppression and become conduits of knowledge and positivity. Their keen sense of justice makes them natural advocates for truth within their communities.
Seeiah
Seeiah, revered as the “God Who Heals the Sick,” offers protection from 15 to 19 degrees Leo. This angel is a guardian against accidents and a granter of longevity.
Those guided by Seeiah develop strong healing abilities and remarkable resilience, often recovering swiftly from illnesses. They become beacons of health, aiding others on their healing journeys and bringing comfort and safety to those around them.
Reiiel
Known as the “God Ready to Help,” Reiiel illuminates from 20 to 24 degrees Leo. Celebrated for bringing liberation and clarity, this angel assists individuals in uncovering hidden enemies and revealing truths.
Under Reiiel’s guidance, people become skilled at navigating complex situations with clear insight. Their wisdom is sought after, as they help others find their way through the darkest corners of life.
Ornael
The “God Who Nurtures,” Ornael, brings growth from 25 to 29 degrees Leo. This angel fosters productivity and success, especially in agriculture and gardening. Those influenced by Ornael have a green thumb, creating abundant, thriving environments.
Their nurturing extends beyond plants, helping others flourish and reach their full potential in various aspects of life.
Lecabel
Lecabel, known as the “God Who Inspires,” brings enlightenment from 0 to 4 degrees Virgo. This angel bestows intelligence and talent, particularly in scientific and artistic pursuits.
Guided by Lecabel, individuals excel in innovation and creativity, often finding unique solutions to complex problems. Their contributions to their fields are significant, driven by curiosity and a passion for discovery, lighting the way for progress and advancement.
Vasariah
The “God Just,” Vasariah, brings balance from 5 to 9 degrees Virgo. Embodying justice and mercy, this angel aids in resolving legal issues and conflicts. Influenced by Vasariah, people are fair-minded and compassionate, often serving as mediators.
Their ability to bring harmony to contentious situations is unparalleled, ensuring justice prevails while showing mercy, making them pillars of integrity and fairness in their communities.
Yehuiah
Known as the “God Who Knows All Things,” Yehuiah provides unwavering guidance and protection from 10 to 14 degrees Virgo. This angel is adept at uncovering deception, helping individuals see through falsehoods.
Those under Yehuiah’s influence are insightful and vigilant, fostering honesty and integrity in all situations. They are natural truth-seekers, ensuring justice prevails.
Lehahiah
Lehahiah, revered as the “Gentle God,” governs from 15 to 19 degrees Virgo, promoting obedience and discipline. This angel helps individuals develop patience and a strong sense of duty.
Individuals guided by Lehahiah thrive in structured environments, being seen as reliable and loyal. Their disciplined nature makes them excellent leaders and trusted companions.
Chavakiah
The “God of Joy,” Chavakiah, brings light and harmony from 20 to 24 degrees Virgo. This angel excels in fostering reconciliation, particularly within families.
Under Chavakiah’s guidance, individuals become adept at resolving conflicts and restoring peace. Their ability to foster understanding and forgiveness makes them invaluable peacemakers in their communities.
Menadel
Menadel, known as the “Adorable God,” aids those from 25 to 29 degrees Virgo in finding and maintaining employment.
This angel promotes diligence and perseverance, guiding individuals towards career success. Those influenced by Menadel are hardworking and dedicated, often earning respect and admiration for their strong work ethic.
Aniel
Aniel, the “God of Virtues,” liberates minds from 0 to 4 degrees Libra. This angel helps break free from constraints and gain knowledge.
Influenced by Aniel, individuals are innovative and forward-thinking, excelling in fields requiring creativity and intelligence. They are known for overcoming obstacles and inspiring others with their visionary ideas.
Haamiah
Haamiah, the “God of Hope,” guards spiritual practices from 5 to 9 degrees Libra. This angel offers protection during rituals, fostering a deep spiritual connection.
Those guided by Haamiah excel in religious and esoteric studies, bringing a sense of sacredness and divine protection to their practices. Their spiritual presence is profound.
Rehael
Rehael, the “God Who Quickly Forgives,” brings healing and respect from 10 to 14 degrees Libra. This angel promotes compassion and empathy, especially within families.
Under Rehael’s influence, individuals excel at offering forgiveness and nurturing others, profoundly healing emotional wounds and fostering strong family bonds.
Ieiazel
Known as the “God Who Rejoices,” Ieiazel shines a comforting light from 15 to 19 degrees Libra. This angel aids in liberating individuals from emotional distress, providing relief from depression and anxiety.
Those under Ieiazel’s guidance often find renewed joy and enthusiasm for life, lifting others with their remarkable ability to bring comfort and hope.
Hahahel
Hahahel, the “God in Three Persons,” inspires devotion and spiritual service from 20 to 24 degrees Libra. This angel guides individuals towards religious vocations, fostering deep spiritual commitment.
Influenced by Hahahel, people find fulfillment in serving others and remain dedicated to spiritual ideals, becoming pillars of faith in their communities.
Mikael
From 25 to 29 degrees Libra, Mikael, the “Virtuous God,” stands as a guardian of justice and order. This angel helps individuals achieve fairness and develop strong leadership qualities. With Mikael’s guidance, people often ascend to positions of authority, ensuring integrity and righteousness in their actions and decisions.
Veuliah
Veuliah, the “Dominant King,” influences those born from 0 to 4 degrees Scorpio. This angel brings prosperity and success, dispelling negative energies that hinder progress.
Under Veuliah’s guidance, individuals experience significant breakthroughs, renewed motivation, and the ability to overcome obstacles, fostering abundance and positive transformation in their lives.
Yelahiah
Yelahiah, the “Eternal God,” protects from 5 to 9 degrees Scorpio. This angel is synonymous with victory and protection in both physical and spiritual battles.
Those under Yelahiah’s influence are courageous and determined, often emerging victorious in their struggles. They naturally defend justice and righteousness with unwavering strength.
Sehaliah
Governing from 10 to 14 degrees Scorpio, Sehaliah, the “God Who Stirs All Men,” invigorates vitality and enthusiasm.
This angel helps individuals overcome adversity, turning challenges into growth opportunities. Those guided by Sehaliah are resilient and full of life, inspiring others with their energy and determination.
Ariel
Ariel, the “Revealing God,” oversees from 15 to 19 degrees Scorpio. This angel is a patron of perception and revelation, aiding individuals in uncovering hidden truths.
Under Ariel’s influence, people gain clarity and insight, making them adept at solving mysteries and understanding deeper meanings, bringing enlightenment and awareness to their lives.
Asaliah
From 20 to 24 degrees Scorpio, Asaliah, the “God of Contemplation,” fosters introspection and spiritual growth. This angel guides individuals towards higher understanding through deep reflection and philosophical pursuits. Those influenced by Asaliah often find wisdom and enlightenment in contemplation, leading to inner peace and spiritual fulfillment.
Mihael
Mihael, the “God the Father of Generations,” rules from 0 to 4 degrees Sagittarius. This angel enhances fertility and harmonious relationships. Those under Mihael’s influence often experience increased love and fidelity in their partnerships, fostering strong family bonds and nurturing environments.
Vehuel
Vehuel, known as the “Great and Exalted God,” governs from 5 to 9 degrees Sagittarius. This angel brings elevated thinking and a love for the divine. Individuals guided by Vehuel are often inclined towards altruism and humanitarian efforts, inspired to bring goodness and light into the world.
Daniel
Daniel, the “God the Sign of Mercy,” rules from 10 to 14 degrees Sagittarius. This angel is associated with eloquence and communication, helping individuals articulate their thoughts and emotions effectively.
Those influenced by Daniel often excel in writing, speaking, and negotiating, bringing clarity and understanding to their interactions.
Hahasiah
Hahasiah, the “Concealing God,” governs from 15 to 19 degrees Sagittarius. Known for promoting inner healing and enlightenment, this angel aids in uncovering hidden knowledge and self-awareness. Under Hahasiah’s guidance, individuals often experience profound personal growth and spiritual awakening.
Nemamiah
Nemamiah, known as the “Lovely God,” governs from 15 to 19 degrees Capricorn. This angel inspires noble deeds and strategic thinking. Individuals under Nemamiah’s influence excel in leadership roles, crafting effective plans and guiding others to success. Their strategic insight and noble spirit make them natural leaders in various fields. Nemamiah’s guidance fosters a sense of duty, honor, and resilience, helping individuals navigate challenges with wisdom and integrity.
Nanael
Nanael, the “God Who Humiliates the Proud,” rules from 25 to 29 degrees Sagittarius. This angel encourages the pursuit of knowledge and spiritual wisdom. Those under Nanael’s guidance are often drawn to study and philosophical inquiry, seeking to expand their understanding and connect with higher truths.
Nithael
As the “King of Heaven,” Nithael oversees from 0 to 4 degrees Capricorn. This angel grants beauty and eternal youth, allowing those under Nithael’s influence to age gracefully and maintain a natural charm. Nithael also emphasizes preserving health and vitality, helping individuals keep a youthful spirit and appearance throughout their lives.
Mebahiah
Ruling from 5 to 9 degrees Capricorn, Mebahiah is revered as the “Eternal God.” This angel encourages intellectual pursuits and moral excellence. People guided by Mebahiah often exhibit a strong ethical foundation and a deep passion for learning. Their dedication to knowledge and virtue often positions them as influential teachers and role models.
Poiel
Poiel, known as the “God Who Sustains the Universe,” governs from 10 to 14 degrees Capricorn. This angel brings fortune and aids in achieving personal desires. Under Poiel’s guidance, individuals frequently find success in their endeavors and receive assistance from unexpected sources. Poiel’s presence ensures a life filled with abundance and fulfillment.
Nemamiah
The “Lovely God,” Nemamiah, watches over from 15 to 19 degrees Capricorn. This angel inspires noble deeds and strategic thinking. Those influenced by Nemamiah excel in leadership roles, often crafting effective plans and guiding others to success. Their strategic insight and noble spirit make them natural leaders in various fields.
Ieialel
Ieialel, the “God Listening in Secret,” governs from 20 to 24 degrees Capricorn. This angel enhances mental clarity and emotional balance. Individuals under Ieialel’s influence often experience profound inner peace and navigate emotional challenges with grace. Ieialel’s guidance helps maintain a harmonious mind and clear thinking, even in turbulent times.
Harahel
Governing from 25 to 29 degrees Capricorn, Harahel is known as the “All-Embracing God.” This angel is a beacon of knowledge and intellectual wealth, guiding individuals to excel in academia and finance.
Those influenced by Harahel often transform ideas into valuable assets, developing a profound love for learning and making wise, informed decisions.
Mizrael
Mizrael, the “God Who Comforts the Oppressed,” rules from 0 to 4 degrees Aquarius. This angel is a source of mental and emotional healing, particularly for those feeling overwhelmed.
Under Mizrael’s guidance, individuals find strength and resilience, recovering swiftly from hardships and providing support to others in need.
Umabel
Umabel, known as the “God Above All Names Elevated,” governs from 5 to 9 degrees Aquarius. This angel fosters friendship and affinity, enhancing one’s ability to communicate effectively and empathetically.
Umabel encourages the study of astrology and understanding the natural world. Those under Umabel’s influence often excel in forming meaningful relationships and have a deep connection to the cosmos. This angel’s guidance brings harmony, curiosity, and a profound appreciation for the interconnectedness of life.
Iah-Hel
Iah-Hel, the “Supreme God,” governs from 10 to 14 degrees Aquarius. This angel aids in the pursuit of wisdom and spiritual enlightenment, drawing individuals to philosophical and esoteric studies.
Guided by Iah-Hel, individuals seek a deeper understanding of life and the universe, finding profound insights and enlightenment.
Anauel
Known as the “Infiniteness of God,” Anauel rules from 15 to 19 degrees Aquarius. This angel brings prosperity and success in commerce and trade.
Those influenced by Anauel excel in business, achieving significant wealth and stability. Anauel also encourages generosity and philanthropy, fostering a spirit of giving.
Mehiel
Governing from 20 to 24 degrees Aquarius, Mehiel is known as the “God Who Vivifies All Things.” This angel enhances creativity and literary talent.
Under Mehiel’s influence, individuals often become gifted writers and artists, inspiring others through their innovative ideas and artistic endeavors.
Damabiah
Damabiah, the “God Fountain of Wisdom,” oversees from 25 to 29 degrees Aquarius. This angel promotes wisdom and success in maritime activities.
Those guided by Damabiah are adventurous and knowledgeable, finding prosperity in sailing, fishing, or marine biology. Damabiah’s influence brings a deep understanding of the natural elements and their harmony.
Manakel
Manakel, the “God Who Nurtures All Things,” presides over 0 to 4 degrees Pisces. This angel is a source of inner peace and emotional stability, aiding individuals in managing stress and anxiety. Manakel’s influence fosters a profound connection with nature, promoting tranquility and well-being.
Eyael
Eyael, the “God of Delight,” governs from 5 to 9 degrees Pisces. This angel assists in personal transformation and longevity. Eyael encourages embracing change, aiding in personal growth and self-improvement, and leading to a fulfilling and extended life.
Habuhiah
Habuhiah, the “God Who Gives Freely,” rules from 10 to 14 degrees Pisces. This angel is a patron of healing and fertility, aiding in health restoration and abundant crop cultivation. Individuals under Habuhiah’s guidance often experience rejuvenation and thrive in both personal and agricultural endeavors.
Rochel
Rochel, the “God Who Sees Everything,” watches over from 15 to 19 degrees Pisces. This angel excels in finding lost objects and uncovering hidden truths. Rochel’s guidance enhances intuition and insight, making individuals excellent problem solvers and detectives.
Jabamiah
Jabamiah, the “Word Which Produces All Things,” governs from 20 to 24 degrees Pisces. This angel is associated with alchemical transformation and regeneration. Guided by Jabamiah, individuals turn negative situations into positive outcomes, excelling in healing and personal transformation.
Haiaiel
Haiaiel, the “God Master of the Universe,” rules from 25 to 29 degrees Pisces. This angel provides protection and courage, empowering individuals to face their fears and overcome obstacles. Haiaiel’s influence encourages bold actions and confidence in standing up for beliefs.
Mumiah
Mumiah, the “God the End of the Universe,” oversees from 0 to 4 degrees Aries. This angel aids in bringing closure and fostering new beginnings. Under Mumiah’s guidance, individuals find the strength to complete tasks and embrace new opportunities, letting go of the past with optimism.
In Brief
The 72 Shem Angels represent powerful spiritual forces, each with unique attributes and energies. Connecting with these angels offers guidance, protection, and wisdom on your spiritual journey. By understanding their roles and invoking their presence, you can tap into ancient knowledge and experience profound personal and spiritual transformation.