Aquila Symbol – Origin, History and Symbolism

The Aquila is one of the most recognizable Roman symbols. Coming from the Latin word aquila or “eagle”, the Imperial Aquila symbol is the famous perched eagle with wide-spread wings, typically used as the military standard or banner of the Roman legions.

Symbol Variations

The symbol has several variations based on its representation. Sometimes its wings are lifted high, pointing to the sky, other times they are curved. Sometimes the eagle is shown in a protective pose, guarding something below it with its wings. Nevertheless, the Aquila is always an eagle with outstretched wings.

Aquila symbol

The Aquila symbol has survived well beyond the fall of the Roman Empire and continues to be an emblem for many modern nations, including Germany, which views itself as a cultural and historical successor to Rome. While the eagle is visually powerful and often associated with strength and dominance, its continued use isn’t just about aesthetics or a desire to link to Rome’s prestige. A significant part of its staying power lies in the profound symbolism of the Aquila itself.

In the Roman military, the Aquila—the eagle standard—was more than a simple military banner. It held a near-religious significance for Roman soldiers, symbolizing the soul of the legion. While the idea of loyalty to a military banner isn’t unique to Rome, the Romans took this concept to another level. The Aquila wasn’t just a rallying point—it represented the heart and honor of the legion itself.

Losing the Aquila brought immense humiliation to a Roman legion. When this rare event occurred, the legion relentlessly pursued the lost standard, regardless of how much time had passed. A notorious example unfolded in 9 AD during the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, where three Roman legions were annihilated, and their Aquilas were seized by the enemy. For decades, the Romans scoured the region, determined to retrieve these symbolic standards. Despite their best efforts, none of the original Aquilas have survived into modern times, as they were eventually lost throughout history.

The Sacred Role of the Aquilifer in Roman Legions

The aquilifer, or “eagle-bearer,” held the responsibility of carrying the Aquila in battle. The selection for this role was one of the highest honors a Roman soldier could receive, second only to a rank promotion. Typically, these men were veteran soldiers with more than 20 years of service. Their duty extended far beyond simply carrying the standard—they needed to be highly skilled and brave, charged with defending the Aquila with their lives. This role elevated them to an almost sacred status within the legion, symbolizing the deep respect soldiers held for the Aquila and its profound significance.

The Aquila and Rome’s Other Military Symbols

The Aquila wasn’t the only type of military banner in the Roman legions, of course, but it was the most valued and used one during the height of both the Roman republic and empire. It was a part of the Roman army almost from its very inception.

The very first Roman standards or ensigns were simple handfuls or manipulus of straws, hay or fern, fixed atop poles or spears. Soon after that, however, with the expansion of Rome, their military replaced these with the figures of five different animals –

  • A Wolf
  • A Boar
  • An Ox or a Minotaur
  • A Horse
  • An Eagle

For many years, the Roman legions regarded five military standards as equally important. However, this changed in 106 BCE when Consul Gaius Marius implemented major military reforms. He eliminated four of these standards, leaving only the Aquila as the most revered symbol of the Roman legions.

Even after Marius’ reforms, the Roman military continued to use other banners and symbols, known as Vexilla. For example, the draco flag served as the standard for imperial cohorts and was carried by the draconarius. The Imago, or the emperor’s image, was another significant symbol, carried by the imaginifer, a veteran soldier similar to the aquilifer. Each Roman century also had its own signifer, responsible for carrying its unique standard.

These military symbols helped Roman soldiers quickly organize during battles. While all banners served this practical purpose, none held the deep emotional and symbolic significance that the Aquila did for the Roman legionnaires. It stood as the embodiment of their unity and honor, making it the most prized and fiercely protected symbol.

Wrapping Up

The Aquila remains one of Rome’s most recognizable symbols and an important link to its past. Even today, Aquila’s continue to be representation of Roman heritage and history.

Affiliate Disclosures

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Dani Rhys
Dani Rhys

Dani Rhys has worked as a writer and editor for over 15 years. She holds a Masters degree in Linguistics and Education, and has also studied Political Science, Ancient History and Literature. She has a wide range of interests ranging from ancient cultures and mythology to Harry Potter and gardening. She works as the chief editor of Symbol Sage but also takes the time to write on topics that interest her.